Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy & Brown Energy

Added & Edited By:

Eka Kadarisman
Pendidikan Teknik Elektro, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Angga Fuja W.
Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education
and
Researcher for Tokyo Daigaku

Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education
and
Follower Open Course at Harvard-MIT Open Course Ware


PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA PANAS BUMI ( PLTPB )

Oleh : Eka Kadarisman
Pend. Teknik Elektro
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia


Panas bumi merupakan pemberian Tuhan YME kepada mahluknya. Segala pemberian Tuhan tidaklah diberikan tanpa tujuan, dengan adanya sumber daya alam yang dianugerahkan hendaknya dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal oleh manusia untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia itu sendiri.

Panas bumi merupakan sisa panas dari hasil reaksi nuklir yang pernah terjadi pada awal mula proses pembentukan bumi dan alam semesta ini. Reksi nuklir yang masih terjadi sampai saat ini adalah reaksi fusi nuklir yang terjadi pada matahari dan juga bintang yang tersebar di jagat raya ini dan menghasilkan panas yang berjuta derajat celcius.

Namun seiring berjalannya waktu, panas bumi pada permukaan bumi berangsur menghilang, tinggal pada perut bumi saja yang menghasilkan panas yang berupa magma, yang kemudian disebut dengan energi panas bumi.

Energi panas bumi telah digunakan oleh manusia sejak 2000 tahun sebelum masehi, panas yang digunakan berupa air panas sebagai panas untuk pengobatan, terutama sumber air panas yang mengandung garam dan belerang, sedangkan energi panas bumi yang digunakan sebagai pembangkit listrik baru digunakan di Italia pada tahun 1904, sejak saat itulah energi panas bumi mulai diarahkan secara komersil untuk pembangkit listrik.

Energi panas bumi adalah termasuk energi primer , namun energi primer di Indonesia tersedia dalam jumlah terbatas, dibandingkan dengan cadangan energi primer di dunia. Sebagai gambaran :


Cadangan minyak bumi
Indonesia 1,1 %
Timur tengah 70 %
Cadangan gas bumi
Indonesia 1-2 %
Rusia 25 %
Cadangan batu bara
Indonesia 3,1 %
Amerika utara 25 %

Cadangan energi panas bumi tidak akan habis, hanya saja energi panas bumi yang ada di Indonesia belum di manfaatkan secara optimal. Saat ini untuk daerah jawa barat baru PLTPB di Kamojang, Darajat, Gn. Salak – Jabar
yang baru beroperasi , karena berdasarkan hasil survey daerah di jawa barat yang memiliki potensi panas bumi terbesar hanya di lumajang, garut.

Energi panas bumi yang ada di Indonesia dikelompokan menjadi :

1.Energi panas bumi uap basah

energi panas bumi yang ideal yaitu berupa uap kering, karena dapat digunakan langsung untuk menggerakan turbin, namun uap kering di indonesia sangat jarang di temukan yang ada hanya energi panas bumi uap basah, yaitu uap yang masih mengandung air, sehingga harus di pisahkan dulu antara air dan uap nya.

gambar 1: Pembangkit listrik tenaga uap basah

Pada mulanya energi yang muncul dari perut bumi bertekanan tinggi, namun pada saat mendekati permukaan bumi uap terpisah menjadi kira-kira 20 % uap dan 80 % air. Sehingga untuk mendapatkan uap, digunakan separator untuk memisahkan antara air dan uap. Uap yang telah terpisah digunakan untuk menggerakkan turbin, sedangkan airnya disuntikkan kembali kedalam tanah.

2.Energi panas bumi air panas

air panas yang berasal dari perut bumi biasanya berupa air asin panas yang disebut ” brine ” dan mengandung banyak mineral, sehingga tidak dapat digunakan secara langsung karena dapat menyumbat pipa-pipa dalam sistem pembangkitan karena air asin bersifat korosif.

Untuk dapat memanfaatkan energipanas bumi ini, digunakan sistem biner ( dua buah sistem utama ) yaitu wadah air panas sebagai sistem primernya dan penukar panas ( heat exchanger ) sebagai sistem sekundernya yang akan menghasilkan uap untuk menggerakkan turbin.

3.Energi panas bumi ” batuan panas ”
energi panas bumi jenis ini berupa batuan panas yang ada dalam perut bumi akibat berkontak dengan sumber panas bumi ( magma ), dalam pemanfaatannya untuk pembangkitan energi listrik yaitu dengan cara menyuntikkan air kedalam batuan tersebut, dan di usahakan untuk diambil lagi sebagai uap panas untuk menggerakkan turbin.

Sumber energi batuan panas umumnya terdapat jauh di bawah permukaan bumi, sehingga untuk pemanfaatannya digunakan cara pengeboran yang khusus.


Penggunaan pans bumi sebagai salah satu sumber tenaga listrik memiliki banyak keuntungan di sector lingkungan maupun keonomi dibandingkan dengan sumber daya energi lain, misalnya batubara, minyak bumi, air dan sebagainya.

Kehandalan operasional pembangkit tenaga panas bumi akan terjaga, sebab fluida yang digunakan untuk penggeraknya akan selalu tersedia dan tidak akan mengalami penurunan jumlah.

Pada sector lingkungan, berdirinya pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi tidak akan mengurangi jumlah ketersediaan air tanah, karena sisa buangan air dapat disuntikan kembali kedalam tanah didaerah itu juga, kemudian limbah yang dihasilkan tidak akan mencemari lingkungan karena limbahnya berupa air.

Kemudian pengoperasian pembangkit itu sendiri tidak memerlukan bahan bakar, tidak seperti pembangkit yang lain menimbulkan gas buangan yang mencemari lingkungan.

Pada sector ekonomi, pengoperasian PLTPB yang tidak menggunakan sumber daya alam yang berasal dari fosil ( batu bara, minyak bumi,dan gas ) dapat meminimalkan penggunaan sumber daya tersebut, sehingga sumber daya alam tersebut dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan yang lain, seperti dapt di ekspor untuk menambah devisa Negara.

Keuntungan yang lain yaitu sumber energi panas bumi tidak dapat digunakan jauh dari sumbernya, sehingga sumber tenaga ini tidak dapat dijual ke negar lain, jadi untuk pemanfaatannya hanya untuk Negara yang memiliki cadangan panas bumi yang tinggi saja.

Dengan mengembangkan panas bumi sebesar 330 MW yang dihasilkan oleh panas bumi, Negara dapat menghemat minyak bumi sebesar 105 MM BBL.

Renewable energy
Biofuels Biomass Geothermal Hydro power Solar power Tidal power Wave power Wind power

Renewable energy sources worldwide at the end of 2006. Source: REN21

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generaiton ), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle in March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations' energy should be produced from renewable fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, blamed in part for global warming. Investment capital flowing into renewable energy climbed from $80 billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006.

In responce to the G8's call on the IEA for "guidance on how to achieve a clean, clever and competitive energy future", the IEA reported that the replacement of current technology with renewable energy could help reduce CO₂ emmisions by 50% by 2050, which they claim is of crucial importance because current policies are not sustainable.

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of over 100 GW, and is widely used in several European countries and the United States. The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached more than 2,000 MW in 2006, and photovoltaic (PV) power stations are particularly popular in Germany. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.

While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.

Some renewable energy technologies are criticised for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy.

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Renewable energy

Wikinews has related news: EU adopts renewable energy measures

Wikinews has related news: Oil prices drive new investment in clean technology

Wikinews has related news: Renewable energy

Look up renewable energy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• NREL - US National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Renewables 2007 Global Status Report (Worldwatch Institute).
• Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (IPCC).
• Renewable energy (UNEP)
• Renewable & Alternative Fuels data from Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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