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Senin, 15 Februari 2010

Fisika Quantum

Jurusan Pendidikan Fisika

Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

SILABI

Matakuliah

Fisika Kuantum

Kode

FIS526

Dosen

Parlindungan Sinaga, Drs., M.Si

Semester

Ganjil

Kredit

4

Jumlah Pertemuan

Jumlah Jam

4

Jumlah Mahasiswa

Jumlah Kelas

Pra-syarat

Pernah mengikuti kuliah Matematika Fisika dan Fisika Modern

Wajib / Pilihan

Wajib

MKDU /MKDK /MKBS /MKPBM

MKBS

Tujuan Matakuliah

Mahasiswa memahami bahwa fisika kuantum lebih umum dari pada fisika klasik dan mengetahui kapan suatu permasalahan dibahas secara mekanika kuantum dan kapan dibahas secara klasik.

Deskripsi Matakuliah

Materi perkuliahan ini adalah : ide-ide dasar mekanika kuantum, formulasi keadaan dalam mekanika kuantum, transformasi ruang keadaan, probabilitas gelombang-materi, ruang fungsi gelombang partikel tunggal, persamaan Schrodinger, aplikasi persamaan Schrodinger pada permasalahan sederhana 1 dimensi dan 3 dimensi, gaya sentral dan momentum angular.

Buku Wajib

Cohen Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, Volume I, Wiley International.

Buku Referensi

1. Richard Loboff, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, Publishing Company.

2. S. Brandt, & H. Dicter, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics, John Willey & Soms.

3. John D. Mc.Gervey, Quantum Mechanics Concep & Applications Akademic Press.

Media

Evaluasi

Evaluasi dilakukan tiga kali yaitu tes unit 1, tes unit 2, dan tes unit 3.

Tugas mahasiswa



Jadwal

Kegiatan

Referensi

1st

Pendahuluan

2nd

Ide-ide dasar mekanika kuantum; radiasi benda hitam, efek foto listrik, efek compton dualisme gelombang partikel, prinsip ketidak pastian Heisenbergh.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi)

Buku1 :hal.431

Buku2 :hal.106

3rd

Probabilitas gelombang materi, gelombang paket.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi)

Buku1 :hal.303

Buku2 :hal.126

4rd

Interpretasi probabilitas dan prinsip ketidakpastian: harga ekspektasi dan variansi.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi)

Buku1 :hal.331

Buku2 :hal.204

5th

Ruang fungsi gelombang partikel tunggal: Struktur ruang fungsi gelombang, operator linier, sifat komutator, basis orthonormal diskrit.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi)

Buku1 :hal.331

Buku2 :hal.204

6th

Fungsi eiogen dan nilai eigen dari operator.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.324

Buku2 :hal.254

7th

Persamaan Schrodinger dan aplikasinya : persamaan schrodinger bebas waktu, persamaan schrodinger bergantung waktu.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.331

Buku2 :hal.204

8th

Aplikasi persamaan schrodinger pada persamaan satu dimensi: partikel bebas, step potensi, Barrier potensial.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi uliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.341

9th

Sumur potensial persegi berhimgga, sumur potensial persegi takhingga, potensial osilator harmonik sederhana.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal344

10th

Persamaan dalam tiga dimensi : partikel bebas dalam koordinat Cartesian.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.348

11th

Partikel bebas dalam koordinat bola: fungsi gelombang radial.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.354

12th

Permasalahan gaya sentral (atom hidrogen), Hamiltonian, Harga eigen dan fungsi eigen.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.372

Buku2 :hal.279

13th

Fungsi keadaan dalam arah radial, fungsi keadaam dalam arah orbital.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.379

14th

Momentum angular orbital, sifat dasar momentum angular, harga eigen dari operator momentum angular.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.388

15th

Fungsi eigen dari momentum angular orbital.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.401

16th

Penjumlahan momentum sudut : representasi gandeng dan tak gandeng, operator CSCO.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku2 ;hal.542

17th

Penjumlahan momentum sudut untuk sistem dua elektron, untuk sistem elektron baryah.

Kuliah (ceramah), diskusi dan latihan (responsi Kuliah (ceramah)

Buku1 :hal.424.

18th

Sumber:Buku Wajib
Cohen Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, Volume I, Wiley International.

Buku Referensi
1. Richard Loboff, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, Publishing Company.
2. S. Brandt, & H. Dicter, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics, John Willey & Soms.
3. John D. Mc.Gervey, Quantum Mechanics Concep & Applications Akademic Press.

Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of the dual particle-like and wave-like behaviour and interaction of matter and energy.

Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and sub-atomic scales, the so-called quantum realm. In special cases some quantum mechanical processes are macroscopic, but these emerge only at extremely low or extremely high energies or temperatures.

The term was coined by Max Planck, and derives from the observation that some physical quantities can be changed only by discrete amounts, or quanta, as multiples of the Planck constant, rather than being capable of varying continuously or by any arbitrary amount. For example, the angular momentum, or more generally the action, of an electron bound into an atom or molecule is quantized. Although an unbound electron does not exhibit quantized energy levels, one which is bound in an atomic orbital has quantized values of angular momentum. In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons, electrons and other atomic-scale objects.

The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. Similarly, the implications are often counter-intuitive in terms of classical physics. The centerpiece of the mathematical formulation is the wavefunction (defined by Schrödinger's wave equation), which describes the probability amplitude of the position and momentum of a particle. Mathematical manipulations of the wavefunction usually involve the bra-ket notation, which requires an understanding of complex numbers and linear functionals. The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum harmonic oscillator and the mathematics is akin to that of acoustic resonance.

Many of the results of quantum mechanics do not have models that are easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics; for instance, the ground state in the quantum mechanical model is a non-zero energy state that is the lowest permitted energy state of a system, rather than a traditional classical system that is thought of as simply being at rest with zero kinetic energy.

Fundamentally, it attempts to explain the peculiar behaviour of matter and energy at the subatomic level—an attempt which has produced more accurate results than classical physics in predicting how individual particles behave. But many unexplained anomalies remain.

Historically, the earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th Century, around the time that atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light as interpreted by Einstein first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Following Schrödinger's breakthrough in deriving his wave equation in the mid-1920s, quantum theory was significantly reformulated away from the old quantum theory, towards the quantum mechanics of Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli and their associates, becoming a science of probabilities based upon the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr. By 1930, the reformulated theory had been further unified and formalized by the work of Paul Dirac and John von Neumann, with a greater emphasis placed on measurement, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculations about the role of the observer.

The Copenhagen interpretation quickly became (and remains) the orthodox interpretation. However, due to the absence of conclusive experimental evidence there are also many competing interpretations.

Quantum mechanics has since branched out into almost every aspect of physics, and into other disciplines such as quantum chemistry, quantum electronics, quantum optics and quantum information science. Much 19th Century physics has been re-evaluated as the classical limit of quantum mechanics and its more advanced developments in terms of quantum field theory, string theory, and speculative quantum gravity theories.

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Selasa, 01 September 2009

Fisika Modern

In the mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics developed by Paul Dirac[8] and John von Neumann,[9] the possible states of a quantum mechanical system are represented by unit vectors (called "state vectors"). Formally, these reside in a complex separable Hilbert space (variously called the "state space" or the "associated Hilbert space" of the system) well defined up to a complex number of norm 1 (the phase factor). In other words, the possible states are points in the projective space of a Hilbert space, usually called the complex projective space. The exact nature of this Hilbert space is dependent on the system; for example, the state space for position and momentum states is the space of square-integrable functions, while the state space for the spin of a single proton is just the product of two complex planes. Each observable is represented by a maximally Hermitian (precisely: by a self-adjoint) linear operator acting on the state space. Each eigenstate of an observable corresponds to an eigenvector of the operator, and the associated eigenvalue corresponds to the value of the observable in that eigenstate. If the operator's spectrum is discrete, the observable can only attain those discrete eigenvalues.

In the formalism of quantum mechanics, the state of a system at a given time is described by a complex wave function, also referred to as state vector in a complex vector space.[10] This abstract mathematical object allows for the calculation of probabilities of outcomes of concrete experiments. For example, it allows one to compute the probability of finding an electron in a particular region around the nucleus at a particular time. Contrary to classical mechanics, one can never make simultaneous predictions of conjugate variables, such as position and momentum, with accuracy. For instance, electrons may be considered to be located somewhere within a region of space, but with their exact positions being unknown. Contours of constant probability, often referred to as "clouds", may be drawn around the nucleus of an atom to conceptualize where the electron might be located with the most probability. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle quantifies the inability to precisely locate the particle given its conjugate momentum.[11]


Fig. 1: Probability densities corresponding to thewavefunctions of an electron in a hydrogen atompossessing definite energy levels (increasing from the top of the image to the bottom: n = 1, 2, 3, ...) andangular momentum (increasing across from left to right:s, p, d, ...). Brighter areas correspond to higher probability density in a position measurement. Wavefunctions like these are directly comparable toChladni's figures of acoustic modes of vibration inclassical physics and are indeed modes of oscillation as well: they possess a sharp energy and thus a keenfrequency. The angular momentum and energy arequantized, and only take on discrete values like those shown (as is the case for resonant frequencies in acoustics).



Lecture 6 of Leonard Susskind's Modern Physics course concentrating on Quantum Mechanics. Recorded February 18, 2008 at Stanford University.


This Stanford Continuing Studies course is the second of a six-quarter sequence of classes exploring the essential theoretical foundations of modern physics. The topics covered in this course focus on quantum mechanics. Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University.Complete playlist for the course:http://youtube.com/view_play_list?p=189C0DCE90CB6D81Stanford Continuing Studies: http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/About Leonard Susskind:http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/susskind_leonard.htmlStanford University channel on YouTube:http://www.youtube.com/stanford

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Jumat, 28 Agustus 2009

Fisika Modern

The word quantum derives from Latin, meaning "how great" or "how much".[4] In quantum mechanics, it refers to a discrete unit that quantum theory assigns to certain physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest. The discovery that particles are discrete packets of energy with wave-like properties led to the branch of physics dealing with atomic and sub-atomic systems which is today called quantum mechanics. It is the underlying mathematical framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, solid-state physics, atomic physics, molecular physics, computational physics, computational chemistry, quantum chemistry,particle physics, nuclear chemistry, and nuclear physics.[5] Some fundamental aspects of the theory are still actively studied.[6]

Quantum mechanics is essential to understand the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller. For example, if classical mechanics governed the workings of an atom, electrons would rapidly travel towards and collide with the nucleus, making stable atoms impossible. However, in the natural world the electrons normally remain in an uncertain, non-deterministic "smeared" (wave–particle wave function) orbital path around or through the nucleus, defying classical electromagnetism.[7]

Quantum mechanics was initially developed to provide a better explanation of the atom, especially the differences in the spectra of lightemitted by different isotopes of the same element. The quantum theory of the atom was developed as an explanation for the electron remaining in its orbit, which could not be explained by Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's laws of classical electromagnetism.

Broadly speaking, quantum mechanics incorporates four classes of phenomena for which classical physics cannot account:



Lecture 5 of Leonard Susskind's Modern Physics course concentrating on Quantum Mechanics. Recorded February 11, 2008 at Stanford University.

This Stanford Continuing Studies course is the second of a six-quarter sequence of classes exploring the essential theoretical foundations of modern physics. The topics covered in this course focus on quantum mechanics. Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University.

Complete playlist for the course:
http://youtube.com/view_play_list?p=189C0DCE90CB6D81

Stanford Continuing Studies: http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/

About Leonard Susskind

Course material
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