Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Matakuliah : Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Nama Dosen :

1. Dra. Wiendartun, M.Si

2. Dra. Heni, M.Si.

3. Drs. Yuyu R. Tayubi, M.Si.


Buku Sumber :

Buku Utama :

Kittel Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics 6th, 1991, John Wiley & Sons, New York

Referensi :

1. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976, Saunders College , Philadelphia
2. M.A.Oemar, Fundamental of Solid State Physics, 1977, Addison Wesley, USA.
3. Adrianus J Dekker, Solid State Physics, 1978, Maruzen company LTD, Japan
4. H.M.Rosenberg, The Solid State Physics Third Edition, 1987, Oxford Science Publications, USA.
4. Christman, Introduction to Solid Physics, 1989, John Wiley & Sons, USA.

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography. The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification. The word crystal is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος (krustallos), meaning both “ice” and “rock crystal”,^[1] from κρύος (kruos), “icy cold, frost”.^[2][3]

Most common metals are polycrystals. Crystals are often symmetrically intergrown to form crystal twins.

3.IkatanKristal(kuliah-2).pdf
7.6 Pertemuan ke -6 : Vibrasi Kristal
3.Ikatan Kristal.pdf
7.7 Pertemuan ke -7 : Vibrasi Kristal
4.Vibrasi (kuliah).pdf
7.8 Pertemuan ke -8 : Test Unit - I

7.9 Pertemuan ke -9 : Sifat Thermal Kristal
5.SIFAT TERMAL KRISTAL.pdf
7.10 Pertemuan ke-10 : Sifat Thermal Kristal
5.SifatThermalKristal(Kuliah).pdf

Crystal structure

Insulin crystals grown in outer space

Halite (sodium chloride) - a single, large crystal.

The process of forming a crystalline structure from a fluid or from materials dissolved in the fluid is often referred to as the crystallization process. In the old example referenced by the root meaning of the word crystal, water being cooled undergoes a phase change from liquid to solid beginning with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a polycrystalline structure. The physical properties of the ice depend on the size and arrangement of the individual crystals, or grains, and the same may be said of metals solidifying from a molten state.

Which crystal structure the fluid will form depends on the chemistry of the fluid, the conditions under which it is being solidified, and also on the ambient pressure. While the cooling process usually results in the generation of a crystalline material, under certain conditions, the fluid may be frozen in a noncrystalline state. In most cases, this involves cooling the fluid so rapidly that atoms cannot travel to their lattice sites before they lose mobility. A noncrystalline material, which has no long-range order, is called an amorphous, vitreous, or glassy material. It is also often referred to as an amorphous solid, although there are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids: most notably, the process of forming a glass does not release the latent heat of fusion.

Crystalline structures occur in all classes of materials, with all types of chemical bonds. Almost all metal exists in a polycrystalline state; amorphous or single-crystal metals must be produced synthetically, often with great difficulty. Ionically bonded crystals can form upon solidification of salts, either from a molten fluid or upon crystallization from a solution. Covalently bonded crystals are also very common, notable examples being diamond, silica, and graphite. Polymer materials generally will form crystalline regions, but the lengths of the molecules usually prevent complete crystallization. Weak van der Waals forces can also play a role in a crystal structure; for example, this type of bonding loosely holds together the hexagonal-patterned sheets in graphite.

Most crystalline materials have a variety of crystallographic defects. The types and structures of these defects may have a profound effect on the properties of the materials.

Crystalline phases

• Polymorphism is the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal form. For example, water ice is ordinarily found in the hexagonal form Ice I_h, but can also exist as the cubic Ice I_c, the rhombohedral ice II, and many other forms.
• Amorphous phases are also possible with the same molecule, such as amorphous ice. In this case, the phenomenon is known as polyamorphism.
• For pure chemical elements, polymorphism is known as allotropy. For example, diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are different allotropes of carbon.

Special cases

A large monocrystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate grown from solution by Saint-Gobain for the megajoule laser of CEA.

Gallium, a metal that easily forms large single crystals

Ice crystals

Fossil shell with calcite crystals

Since the initial discovery of crystal-like individual arrays of atoms that are not regularly repeated, made in 1982 by Dan Shechtman, the acceptance of the concept and the word quasicrystal have led the International Union of Crystallography to redefine the term crystal to mean "any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction diagram", thereby shifting the essential attribute of crystallinity from position space to Fourier space. Within the family of crystals one distinguishes between traditional crystals, which are periodic, or repeating, at the atomic scale, and aperiodic (incommensurate) crystals which are not. This broader definition adopted in 1996 reflects the current understanding that microscopic periodicity is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for crystals.

While the term "crystal" has a precise meaning within materials science and solid-state physics, colloquially "crystal" refers to solid objects that exhibit well-defined and often pleasing geometric shapes. In this sense of the word, many types of crystals are found in nature. The shape of these crystals is dependent on the types of molecular bonds between the atoms to determine the structure, as well as on the conditions under which they formed. Snowflakes, diamonds, and table salt are common examples of crystals.

Some crystalline materials may exhibit special electrical properties such as the ferroelectric effect or the piezoelectric effect. Additionally, light passing through a crystal is often refracted or bent in different directions, producing an array of colors; crystal optics is the study of these effects. In periodic dielectric structures a range of unique optical properties can be expected as seen in photonic crystals.

Lihat Juga:

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Matakuliah : Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Nama Dosen :

1. Dra. Wiendartun, M.Si

2. Dra. Heni, M.Si.

3. Drs. Yuyu R. Tayubi, M.Si.

0.SILLABY Pend.Pdt-1.pdf

Pustaka :

1. Kittel Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics 7th.ed, 1996, John Wiley & Sons, New York
2. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976, Saunders College , Philadelphia.

Sinar X

• Merupakan radiasi elektromagnetik berenergi tinggi

• Dihasilkan akibat interaksi antara berkas berkas elektron eksternal dengan elektron pada kulit atom.

• Spektrum sinar x memiliki:

panjang gelombang antara10^-5-1 nm,

frekuensi antara 10¹⁷-10²⁰ Hz,

Energi antara 10³-10⁶ eV.

• Panjang gelombnag Sinar X memiliki orde yang sama dengan jarak antara atom.

  

Prinsip difraksi Sinar X

• Sinar X terpancar dari tabung Sinar X.

• Difraksi sinar X yang konvergen diterima slit.

• Sinar X diterima detektor,

diubah menjadi sinyal listrik.

• Sinyal ini dihitung sebagai analisa pulsa tinggi.

Interaksi Sinar X dengan material

1. Energi berkas Sinar X terserap oleh atom.

2. Energi berkas Sinar X dihamburkan oleh atom

Difraksi Sinar X

1. Proses hamburan sinar X oleh bahan kristal.
2. Difraksi tergantung pada struktur kristal dan panjang gelombang.

1. 1. jika (λ) ukuran atom, tidak terjadi difraksi
   2. jika (λ) < ukuran atom, terjadi difraksi
      

   Difraksi Sinar X

   • Teknik yang digunakan dalam karakterisasi material.

   • Untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai ukuran atom.

   Hukum Bragg

   n = 1,2,3,…. orde pertama, kedua, ketiga dst

   d jarak antara 2 bidang pantul yang berdekatan

   θ sudut antara sinar datang dan sinar pantul

   Interferensi konstruktif terjadi jika selisih lintasan antara dua sinar berurutan merupakan kelipatan dari panjang gelombangnya (λ)

   Karakterisasi XRD Kristal

   
   

(Dianny)

2AB.DIFRAKSI SINARX (Kuliah).pdf
7.4 Pertemuan ke -4 : Difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal
2.Difraksi Sinar X.pdf
7.5 Pertemuan ke -5 : Ikatan Kristal

X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography can locate every atom in a zeolite, an aluminosilicate with many important applications, such as water purification.

X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and diffracts into many specific directions. From the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.

Since many materials can form crystals — such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules — X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and functioning of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.

In an X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer and gradually rotated while being bombarded with X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.

X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted as a Fourier transform. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.

For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.

Textbooks

• Blow D (2002). Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198510519.
• Burns G., Glazer A M (1990). Space Groups for Scientists and Engineers (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0121457613.
• Clegg W (1998). Crystal Structure Determination (Oxford Chemistry Primer). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198559011.
• Cullity B.D. (1978). Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (2nd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0534553966.
• Drenth J (1999). Principles of Protein X-Ray Crystallography. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387985875.
• Giacovazzo C et al. (1992). Fundamentals of Crystallography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198555784.
• Glusker JP, Lewis M, Rossi M (1994). Crystal Structure Analysis for Chemists and Biologists. New York: VCH Publishers. ISBN 0471185434.
• Massa W (2004). Crystal Structure Determination. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540206442.
• McPherson A (1999). Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0879696176.
• McPherson A (2003). Introduction to Macromolecular Crystallography. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471251224.
• McRee DE (1993). Practical Protein Crystallography. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0124860508.
• O'Keeffe M, Hyde B G (1996). Crystal Structures; I. Patterns and Symmetry. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, Monograph Series. ISBN 0939950405.
• Rhodes G (2000). Crystallography Made Crystal Clear. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0125870728. , PDF copy of select chapters
• Rupp B (2009). Biomolecular Crystallography: Principles, Practice and Application to Structural Biology. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0815340818.
• Zachariasen WH (1945). Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals. New York: Dover Publications. LCCN 67-26967.

Applied computational data analysis

• Young, R.A., ed (1993). The Rietveld Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press & International Union of Crystallography. ISBN 0198555776.

Tutorials

• Crystallography for beginners
• Simple, non technical introduction
• "Small Molecule Crystalization" (PDF) at Illinois Institute of Technology website
• International Union of Crystallography
• Crystallography 101
• Interactive structure factor tutorial, demonstrating properties of the diffraction pattern of a 2D crystal.
• Picturebook of Fourier Transforms, illustrating the relationship between crystal and diffraction pattern in 2D.
• Lecture notes on X-ray crystallography and structure determination
• Online lecture on Modern X-ray Scattering Methods for Nanoscale Materials Analysis by Richard J. Matyi

Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih


Lihat Juga

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Matakuliah : Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Nama Dosen :

1. Dra. Wiendartun, M.Si

2. Dra. Heni, M.Si.

3. Drs. Yuyu R. Tayubi, M.Si.

Crystal structure and properties

An example of a close-packed lattice

Many properties of materials are affected by their crystal structure. This structure can be investigated using a range of crystallographic techniques, including X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction.

The sizes of the individual crystals in a crystalline solid material vary depending on the material involved and the conditions when it was formed. Most crystalline materials encountered in everyday life are polycrystalline, with the individual crystals being microscopic in scale, but macroscopic single crystals can be produced either naturally (e.g. diamonds) or artificially.

Real crystals feature defects or irregularities in the ideal arrangements, and it is these defects that critically determine many of the electrical and mechanical properties of real materials.

The crystal lattice can vibrate. These vibrations are found to be quantised, the quantised vibrational modes being known as phonons. Phonons play a major role in many of the physical properties of solids, such as the transmission of sound. In insulating solids, phonons are also the primary mechanism by which heat conduction takes place. Phonons are also necessary for understanding the lattice heat capacity of a solid, as in the Einstein model and the later Debye model.

Crystallography is the experimental science of the arrangement of atoms in solids. The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho = write.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on their geometry. This involves measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. The former is carried out using a goniometer. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net, e.g. Wulff net or Lambert net. In fact, the pole to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its Miller index. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established.

Crystallographic methods now depend on the analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. Although X-rays are most commonly used, the beam is not always electromagnetic radiation. For some purposes electrons or neutrons are used. This is facilitated by the wave properties of the particles. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of illumination used when referring to a method, as with the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction.

These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of the valence electrons, while electrons are charged particles and therefore feel the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the surrounding electrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. When neutrons are scattered from hydrogen-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels. However, the material can sometimes be treated to substitute hydrogen for deuterium. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.

Lihat Juga:

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat


Referensi :

1. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976, Saunders College , Philadelphia
2. M.A.Oemar, Fundamental of Solid State Physics, 1977, Addison Wesley, USA.
3. Adrianus J Dekker, Solid State Physics, 1978, Maruzen company LTD, Japan
4. H.M.Rosenberg, The Solid State Physics Third Edition, 1987, Oxford Science Publications, USA.
5. Christman, Introduction to Solid Physics, 1989, John Wiley & Sons, USA.

Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Matakuliah : Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat

Nama Dosen :

1. Dra. Wiendartun, M.Si

2. Dra. Heni, M.Si.

3. Drs. Yuyu R. Tayubi, M.Si.

0.SILLABY Pend.Pdt-1.pdf

Pustaka :

1. Kittel Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics 7th.ed, 1996, John Wiley & Sons, New York
2. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976, Saunders College , Philadelphia.


Standar Kompotensi :

Menguasai pengetahuan tentang Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat yaitu : struktur kristal, difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal, ikatan kristal, vibrasi kristal , sifat thermal kristal, gas electron bebas, teori pita energi, kristal semikonduktor, superkonduktivitas dan sifat kemagnetan zat padat serta dapat mengaplikasikannya sesuai dengan perkembangan sains dan teknologi serta relevan dengan tuntutan kompetensi dalam standart nasional pendidikan.

MATAKULIAH PENDAHULUAN FISIKA ZAT PADAT

I. DESKRIPSI

Perkuliahan ini merupakan pendalaman dari kuliah siklus pertama (Fisika Modern) serta sebagai dasar untuk mengambil matakuliah Fisika Zat Padat Kompetensi yang diharapkan adalah memiliki wawasan yang memadai dan menguasai pengetahuan mengenai Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat, serta dapat sesuai dengan perkembangan sains dan teknologi. Perkuliahan ini membahas konsep Fisika yang meliputi :. struktur kristal, difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal, ikatan kristal, vibrasi kristal , sifat thermal kristal, gas electron bebas, teori pita energi, kristal semikonduktor, superkonduktivitas dan sifat kemagnetan zat padat Perkuliahan ini merupakan pilihan wajib untuk program nondik serta matakuliah pilihan untuk program dik. Perkuliahan disampaikan melalui metoda : ceramah, tanya jawab , diskusi, simulasi dan experimen dengan pendekatan pemecahan masalah. Evaluasi dilakukan melalui test dan non test.


II. SILABUS
1. Identitas Matakuliah
a. Nama Matakuliah : Pendahuluan Fisika Zat Padat
b. Kode Matakuliah : FI 362
c. Jumlah SKS : 3
d. Semester : Ganjil/Genap
e. Kelompok Matakuliah : MKPP ( Matakuliah Perluasan dan Pendalaman)
f. Program studi : Dik / Non-Dik
g. Status Matakuliah : Pilihan
h. Prasyarat : Fisika Modern, Statistik,Kuantum
i Dosen : WD, YRT,HR


2. Tujuan :

Selesai mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa diharapkan memiliki wawasan dan menguasai pengetahuan mengenai, struktur kristal, difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal, ikatan kristal, vibrasi kristal , sifat thermal kristal, gas electron bebas, teori pita energi, kristal semikonduktor, superkonduktivitas dan sifat kemagnetan zat padat serta dapat mengaplikasikannya sesuai dengan perkembangan sains dan teknologi.

3. Deskripsi isi :

Materi yang dibahas dalam perkuliahan ini meliputi : struktur kristal, difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal, ikatan kristal, vibrasi kristal , sifat thermal kristal, gas electron bebas, teori pita energi, kristal semikonduktor, superkonduktivitas dan sifat kemagnetan zat padat.

4. Pendekatan / metoda pembelajaran :
Ceramah,tanya jawab , diskusi, simulasi dan experimen dengan pendekatan pemecahan masalah.

5. Media Pembelajaran:
OHT, pwr point,demonstrasi.

6. Evaluasi:
Kehadiran , tugas
Quiss , Test Unit-1, test Unit 2 dan test Unit 3.

7. Materi perkuliahan :

7.1. Pertemuan ke -1 : Struktur kristal
1.Struktur Kristal (hand out).pdf
7.2. Pertemuan ke -2 : Struktur kristal
1.STRUKTUR KRISTAL(Kuliah).pdf
7.3 Pertemuan ke -3 : Difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal
2AB.DIFRAKSI SINARX (Kuliah).pdf
7.4 Pertemuan ke -4 : Difraksi sinar- x oleh kristal
2.Difraksi Sinar X.pdf
7.5 Pertemuan ke -5 : Ikatan Kristal
3.IkatanKristal(kuliah-2).pdf
7.6 Pertemuan ke -6 : Vibrasi Kristal
3.Ikatan Kristal.pdf
7.7 Pertemuan ke -7 : Vibrasi Kristal
4.Vibrasi (kuliah).pdf
7.8 Pertemuan ke -8 : Test Unit - I

7.9 Pertemuan ke -9 : Sifat Thermal Kristal
5.SIFAT TERMAL KRISTAL.pdf
7.10 Pertemuan ke-10 : Sifat Thermal Kristal
5.SifatThermalKristal(Kuliah).pdf
7.11 Pertemuan ke-11 : Gas electron bebas
6.Model elektron bebas(KULIAH).pdf
7.12 Pertemuan ke-12 : Teori Pita Energi
7.BAB VII- PITA ENERGI.pdf
7.PitaEnergi (Kuliah).pdf
7.13 Pertemuan ke-13 : Kristal semikonduktor
8.KRISTAL SEMIKONDUKTOR.pdf
8.Semikonduktor (Kuliah).pdf
7.14 Pertemuan ke-14 : Superkonduktivitas
9.Superkonduktor (Kuliah).pdf
9C.SUPERKONDUKTOR.pdf
7.15 Pertemuan ke-15 : Sifat kemagnetan zat padat
10.Bab X- KEMAGNETAN BAHAN.pdf
10.SifatKmagnetanBhn (Kuliah).pdf
7.16 Pertemuan ke-16 : Test Unit - II


8. Buku Sumber :

8.1. Buku Utama :

Kittel Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics 6th, 1991, John Wiley & Sons, New York

8.2. Referensi :

8.2.1. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976, Saunders College , Philadelphia
8.2.2. M.A.Oemar, Fundamental of Solid State Physics, 1977, Addison Wesley, USA.
8.2.3. Adrianus J Dekker, Solid State Physics, 1978, Maruzen company LTD, Japan
8.2.4. H.M.Rosenberg, The Solid State Physics Third Edition, 1987, Oxford Science Publications, USA.
8.2.4. Christman, Introduction to Solid Physics, 1989, John Wiley & Sons, USA.

Introduction to Solid State Physics

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms the theoretical basis of materials science. It also has direct applications, for example in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.

Background

Solid materials are formed from densely-packed atoms, which interact intensely. These interactions produce the mechanical (e.g. hardness and elasticity), thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of solids. Depending on the material involved and the conditions in which it was formed, the atoms may be arranged in a regular, geometric pattern (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass).

The bulk of solid-state physics theory and research is focused on crystals. Primarily, this is because the periodicity of atoms in a crystal — its defining characteristic — facilitates mathematical modeling. Likewise, crystalline materials often have electrical, magnetic, optical, or mechanical properties that can be exploited for engineering purposes.

The forces between the atoms in a crystal can take a variety of forms. For example, in a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt), the crystal is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, and held together with ionic bonds. In others, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared amongst the whole crystal in metallic bonding. Finally, the noble gases do not undergo any of these types of bonding. In solid form, the noble gases are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarisation of the electronic charge cloud on each atom. The differences between the types of solid result from the differences between their bonding.

Solid State Physics

Lectures by:

Branislav K. Nikolić
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, U.S.A.

Instructor: Dr. Branislav K. Nikolic

Contact: Email: bnikolic@physics.udel.edu Phone: (302) 831-2943 Fax: (302) 831-1637.

Class mailing list: PHYS624-010-05F@udel.edu

Instructor Information: I am a condensed matter theorist, currently focused on spintronics, mesoscopic physics, quantum chaos, and quantum information science. See the home page of Quantum Transport Theory Group or of my Teaching for more information.

Course Prerequisites: Familiarity with single-particle Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics of non-interacting bosons and fermions.

Ex Cathedra Lectures:

• What is Solid State Physics?
• Crystalline Solids: Symmetry and Bonding
• Experimental Determination of Crystal Structures
• Electronic Band Structure of Solids
• Quick and Dirty Introduction to Mott Insulators
• Crystal Lattice Vibrations: Phonons
• Thermal Properties of Crystal Lattices
• Semiclassical Electron Transport
• Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Nanostructures
• Review of Quantum Mechanics
• Review of Statistical Mechanics

Notes:

• Many-Body Physics: Unfinished Revolution (popular article)
• Notes on Density Functional Theory
• Pedagogical Examles of Using Character Tables of Point Groups
• Quantum Phase Transitions (popular article)
• Understanding the Chemical Potential
• Visualizing the Phonon Wave Function
• Quantum statistics: Is there an effective fermion repulsion or boson attraction?

HTML:

• Order Parameters, Broken Symmetry, and Topology
• WebElements
• Character Tables
• Crystal Lattice Structures
• Periodic Table of Fermi Surfaces
• Nucleic Acid Database
• Protein Data Bank
• DFT and Local Density Approximation
• Fat Schrödinger's cat (2-level MQC system)
• Introduction to Modern Solid State Physics

Computer Experiments

JAVA Applets:

• Simulations in Solid State Physics

Electrons:

• Fermi Surfaces
• Fermi Function
• Density of States
• Density of States: Free electrons vs. Tight-binding
• Structure Factor
• Two-dimensional lattice: Real and reciprocal space
• Electrons in a 2D lattice: Energy contours and density of states
• Quasicrystals
• Carbon Nanotubes

Phonons:

• Normal modes of coupled oscillators
• Phonon dispersion: Diatomic Lattice
• Fourier Series Java Applet
• Fourier Transform Java Applet

Experimental Techniques

• X-ray diffraction
• Interactive Diffraction Tutorial
• Scanning Tuneling Microscopy

Complex Systems:

• Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA - a fractal growth model)

Animation:

• Superconducting Levitation

Computer Algebra Lectures:

• Maple 8: Introduction
• Maple 8: Differential Equations
• Maple 8: Linear Algebra

Problem Sets

• mini TEST
• Homework 1 (due 09/22)
• Homework 2 (due 10/13)
• Homework 3 (due 10/13)
• Homework 4 (due 10/20)
• Project 1 (due 12/09)
• Homework 5 (due 11/15)
• Homework 6 (due 12/01)
• Homework 7 (due 12/08)

Discussion Board

• Solution to Problem 1. of Homework 2 (Maple Worksheet)
• Fourier Analysis in Solid State Physics
• Solution to Problem 1. and Problem 3. of Homework 3 (PDF)
• Hint (Fourier Transform for solving integro-differential equations) for Problem 1. of Homework 6 (PDF)

Faculty

Professor of Physics, UC Berkeley, since 1951, Emeritus since 1978.B.A. from Cambridge University, England, 1938; Ph.D. from University of Wisconsin, 1941. Research Physicist at MIT, 1945-47; Research Physicist at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1947-51; Guggenheim Fellow, 45 (post-service MIT), 1957 (Hawaii), 1965 (ENS, Paris); Miller Fellow, 1960-62. Recipient of the Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics, 1957; Oersted Medal, American Association of Physics Teachers, 1972; Berkeley Distinguished Teacher Award, 1970. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member, National Academy of Sciences. Author: Introduction to Solid State Physics, 1st ed. 1953 - 7th ed. 1996, Quantum Theory of Solids, 1963, and (with C. Y. Fong) 1987, Thermal Physics, 1969 and (with H. Kroemer) 1980.

Charles Kittel

Professor Emeritus
Research: Condensed Matter Physics And Materials Science

Campus Office:

559 Birge
Fax: (510) 643-9473
Email: kittel@berkeley.edu

Catatan:

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